Wednesday, March 24, 2010
Asignment 4: Act Int 25 March 2010 CULTURE
Please search culture around the world. Choose one thing that is considered important and interesting to be shared. Please share in your elearning webblog so so we can develop ourselves to be a successful business communicator. Please post here as comments. The latest is Wednesday 31 March 2010.
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Ganjar Bayu P
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THE JAPANESE:
One of the functions of culture is to provide a highly selective screen between man and the outside world. In its many forms, culture therefore designates what we pay attention to and what we ignore (Hall:1976:74). For example, Hall tells about an American businessman who registered in a Japanese hotel, telling them he intended to stay for one month. After 10 days, without notice, he is moved to another room. He discovers this by accident and is surprised to find that all his personal items have been placed around the room in almost the identical position to that in which he had put them his first room. Not wishing to make a fuss, he says nothing. To his surprise, he is moved two more times, each time without notification. Eventually, when he returned to the hotel instead of just asking for the key to his room, he would ask whether he was in the same room. During the last week, he was moved again, but this time into another hotel (Hall:1976:50)!
Two variables associated with culture are involved here. One is that in Western societies, moves are associated with status - the lowest ranking individual is the one moved. Second is the significance of space. Being quite territorial, Westerners want to make sure that a move does not involve moving to a smaller space (Hall:1976:52-54). Looking at this same situation from a Japanese cultural perspective, when a person enters a hotel he/she becomes part of a family. As a member of the family, the hotel feels they can quietly move you if the need arises. Taking such liberties with your accommodation signals that you belong, that you are a member of the family. However, the Japanese are also familiar with the reaction such moves have on Westerners. They are sensitive to the fact that other cultures react loudly to being moved and having their personal items touched with out their permission. Many hotels who cater to Westerners abide by the rules of the visitor's culture and would not think of moving the person (Hall:1976:56). The familiarity displayed in the example above is more likely to occur in a hotel located well away from normal tourist territory.
All over the world, suitable environments have been created for tourists that shield them from the reality of the life of the people. Tourists seldom stick around for long, and they are happier if insulated from the full impact of the foreign culture (Hall:1976:49). However, in the case quoted above, the forced move to the second hotel turned out to be a blessing. The American businessman found the district around the new hotel much more interesting and authentic than that around the first hotel. As Hall notes, each culture has its own language of space which is as unique as the spoken language Hall:1976:52-3).
Ganjar Bayu P
ReplyDelete(C1L007031)
In a Japanese hotel, all visitors are given the same kind of bath robe. This is not just the results of an opportunistic management using the guests to advertise the hotel. Rather it symbolizes that once you had registered in the hotel, you were no longer an outsider. You belonged. You became a member of a large, mobile family. As a family member, you are afforded an environment which is relaxed and informal (Hall:1976:56). But remember, no matter how informal or relaxed you may feel, meal-time is not appropriate for discussions of business ( Hall: 1987:108).
It is important for the Japanese to be able to place people in a social system. In fact, it is impossible to interact with someone else if this placing has not occurred, hence the requirement that you state who you are on your calling card: first, the organization you work for, second, your position in that organization, then, your degrees, honours you have received, followed by the family name, the given name and address (Hall:1976:58).
In Japan there are two sides to everyone - the warm, close friendly involved side, that does not stand on ceremony, and the public, official, status conscious, ceremonial side, which is what most foreigners see. Most Japanese feel quite uncomfortable about the ceremonial side of life. Their principal drive is to move from the stand on ceremony side toward the intimate, friendly side. Think about the practice of men and women sleeping side by side crowded together on the floor in a single room, and the camaraderie of communal bathing. Japanese cultural communication seems full of paradoxes (Hall:1976:59). When they communicate, particularly about important things, it is often called indirection by foreigners (Hall:1976:56).
Gifts are especially important to Japanese and specifically gifts from abroad. They particularly appreciate liquor, candy, food, or handicrafts from foreign countries. Never refuse a gift, it is the ultimate insult. Japanese etiquette books describe in detail the kind of gift that is expected from people at different levels in the social and economic hierarchy, including the amount that you should spend on gifts for people in different categories (Hall:1987:109).
These observations about the Japanese are symbolic of the wide range of differences which affect communication between cultures. However, there are just as many differences with other cultures.
Name : Husadanti Kusumaningrum
ReplyDeleteNIM : C1L009019
Culture Around the World :
a.INDIA
•An everyday habit that all Indians do is that they press their palms together under their chin and say "Namaste" with a slight bow as an everyday greeting.
•Also men do not touch women in public unless they are married or if they are engaged.
•People in public say "hi" or "hello" unless it's a formal event.
b.BRAZIL
•Brazilians are outgoing, fun-loving people. Friends and acquaintances are greeted with kisses, more kisses and big hugs.
•Eye contact will give you a smile back.
c.FRENCH
•Shaking hands, kissing and other formalities, it is customary in business situations to shake hands upon meeting someone and when leaving. Kissing is generally reserved for friends and relatives or children, although you shouldn't be shocked to get a kiss on the cheek.
1.Men will almost exclusively shake hands with each other. Sometimes older men will hug and kiss.
2.A man may kiss a woman's cheek.
3.Women will often kiss each other on the cheek.
4.If a woman expects to be kissed, she may offer her cheek to a man.
5.Small children almost always expect to be kissed.
•The French are so attentive to detail in their meal preparation, it is important to be equally attentive to detail as a guest.
1.Bring a small plant or chocolates if invited to dinner.
2.If the dinner is formal, send a flower arrangement in the morning of the big event so that it may be displayed that evening.
3.Never eat before the host says “Bon appétit”
4.Never pour your own drink.
5.Make sure to always say a thank you in the next day or so following the dinner party.
NAME : WULANDARIYANNY
ReplyDeleteNIM : C1L009010
Assalamualaikum..
Hello, Mr. Agung..
My name's Wulandariyanny. Just call me Wulan.
I'm a Sundanese,so in this task I will tell you a little of sundanese culture around my live based on my experience, I thought it was very strange, but some members of my family think this habits is important to done and other habits is significant to don't.
Let's get started..
1. If your teeth fall out
My grandfather advised me when my tooth fell out, so I had to threw its to the upper tile of my house because if you did it, your teeth will growing neat. I didn't believe that until my brother did it every single time his teeth fell out,and when he grew up, his teeth so neat, his teeth is not like my teeth ;)
2. Prohibited time for girl to wash hair
When I was 12th years old My grandmother was very angry when I washed my hair at 6.30 pm. She said if girl wash her hair in the evening, she will not be married. (I hope it's not truthful) ;)
3. Cutting the nails in the night
My Mom told to me when i was in kindergarten, that if you cutted your nails in the night, your nail will be alive and it will annoyed you when you slept ;)
That's just three of sundanese habits, this site will not enough if i write down other habits here.I think to be sundanese it's to difficult to obey any prohibition or habits likes that. But, we are have a different opinion about that.
"indonesian culture"
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Name : Ageng Sandrawardhani
Student Number :C1L009030
The most striking ceremonial occasion is the Muslim month of fasting, Ramadan. Even less-observant Muslims fast seriously from sunup to sundown despite the tropical heat. Each night during Ramadan, fine celebratory meals are held. The month ends with Idul Fitri, a national holiday when family, friends, neighbors, and work associates visit each other's homes to share food treats (including visits by non-Muslims to Muslim homes).
In traditional ritual, special food is served to the spirits or the deceased and eaten by the participants. The ubiquitous Javanese ritual, selamatan , is marked by a meal between the celebrants and is held at all sorts of events, from life-cycle rituals to the blessing of new things entering a village. Life-cycle events, particularly marriages and funerals, are the main occasions for ceremonies in both rural and urban areas, and each has religious and secular aspects. Elaborate food service and symbolism are features of such events, but the content varies greatly in different ethnic groups. Among the Meto of Timor, for example, such events must have meat and rice ( sisi-maka' ), with men cooking the former and women the latter. Elaborate funerals involve drinking a mixture of pork fat and blood that is not part of the daily diet and that may be unappetizing to many participants who nonetheless follow tradition. At such events, Muslim guests are fed at separate kitchens and tables.
In most parts of Indonesia the ability to serve an elaborate meal to many guests is a mark of hospitality, capability, resources, and status of family or clan whether for a highland Toraja buffalo sacrifice at a funeral or for a Javanese marriage reception in a five-star hotel in Jakarta. Among some peoples, such as the Batak and Toraja, portions of animals slaughtered for such events are important gifts for those who attend, and the part of the animal that is selected symbolically marks the status of the recipient.
Anggi Nurul Fitrianti
ReplyDeleteC1L009043
Hello Mr. Agung
This is the culture in my town Indramayu, West Java
Culture that until now still a part of society, Among others Nadran Indramayu, Ngarot Ceremony, Networking, visitors, Mapag Tamba, and Alms Sri Mapag Earth.
Nadran, this ceremony is a reflection of the relationship between humans and the creator of expressions of gratitude will catch fish and expect to increase future results and ditahun dropped from disasters and dangers in making a living at sea. Generally Nadran ceremonies were held between October and December are held at the Beach tow, Dadap, Karangong, Limbangan Glayem, Bugel and Ujung Gebang.
Ngarot Ceremony, this ceremony is one of the traditional ceremony that since the 16th century up to now still organized primarily by the village community towards Lelea each rice cultivation. The ceremony is held in order to apply to get an abundance of agricultural products. Ngarot ceremonial or kasinoman held every Wednesday, the fourth week of November, where the participants were young people with typical costumes and glittering accessories.
Network, namely ceremony teenagers which aims to find spouses who dialaksanakan every full moon night. This activity is located in the village KANDANGHAUR Parean District.
Visitors, the celebration ceremony held at the graves that are considered sacred, usually held in Syuro, Mulud.
Mapag Tamba, namely upcara conducted in order to expel the disease, by way of bringing extra water into a bamboo pipe that comes from Source to Kasepuhan or sprayed into the flowing water in the paddy rice field located in the village limits.
Mapag Sri, is the ceremony held in order to express gratitude to the creator of the arrival of the harvest, by way of conducting puppet arts performances day and night with a special play and usually held in Town Hall.
Alms Earth, is a ceremony held by the farmer at the time of going to rain working fields. Usually done at the beginning of the rainy season is around October and December. This ceremony procession started from somewhere community gathering conducted with a prayer and then performed the customary ceremony.
Name : Rakhmi Pratama Tidar
ReplyDeleteNIM : C1L009049
Hello , Sir.!
I'm sorry , in this assigment i use Indonesia language in order that the reader to understand with writing , thank you....
Saya berasal dari kota Tasikmalaya , kota santri , kota yang hampir 70%, pusat bisnis, pusat perdagangan dan jasa, dan pusat industri di priangan timur dan selatan berada di kota ini. Dan Kota Tasikmalaya saat ini bisa disebut " The next second big city after Bandung " . Namun dengan kemajuan dan kemodernan dunia saat ini , masih terdapat kawasan Tasikmalaya yang masih menjungjung tinggi adat istiadat nenek moyang . Kawasan itu adalah Kampung Naga .Kampung Naga berada di wilayah Desa Neglasari Kecamatan Salawu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya.Untuk menuju Kampung ini harus menuruni anak tangga hingga Sungai Ciwulan dengan kemiringan tanah 45 derajat.Penduduk Kampung Naga adalah penganut agama Islam yang taat, di samping masih memegang teguh dan menjalankan adat istiadat yang secara turun temurun berasal dari nenek moyang mereka.
Nenek moyang orang Kampung Naga (sa-Naga) yang menurunkan keturunan dan adat istiadat Naga adalah Eyang Singaparana. Makamnya berada di wilayah hutan di sebelah barat Kampung Naga. Makam Eyang Singaparana dianggap makam keramat yang selalu diziarahi pada saat akan diadakan atau dilakukan penyelenggaraan upacara-upacara adat.Mereka tetap kukuh dalam memegang teguh falsafah hidup yang diwariskan nenek moyangnya dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya, dengan tetap mempertahankan eksistensi mereka yang khas dari sistem religi dan upacara, sistem mata pencaharian, sistem pengetahuan, sistem peralatan hidup/teknologi, sistem organisasi kemasyarakatan, kesenian, dan bahasa.Kebiasaan yang dianggap bukan berasal dari nenek moyangnya dianggap tabu untuk dilaksanakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Selain itu terdapat keunikan rumah penduduk yang tidak boleh ada listriknya kata leluhur dahulu. Atap rumah pun dibuat dari genteng ijuk. Rata-rata rumahnya adalah rumah panggung dan lebih uniknya, masjid di kampung naga tak ada pengeras suaranya. Tapi televisi ada di sini. Mereka menyalakannya dengan menggunakan Accu bekas mobil. Sebab mereka takut ada kebakaran akibat konsleting listrik. Sebab atap dan rumah mereka dibuat dari ijuk dan kayu yang mudah terbakar. Para leluhur takut, rumah yang mereka wariskan akan terbakar karena konsleting listrik.
Yos Riski S.P.
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Doing Business in Thailand
Thailand, a monarchy after a bloodless revolution in 1932, is divided into four distinct geographical regions and borders Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia. With a population of over 10 million, the capital city of Bangkok is the most important city economically and politically. Often portrayed as a culturally homogenous country, while original Thai peoplemake up the majority of the population there are about 75 other ethno-linguistic groups. Heavily dependent on export, Thai economy is currently growing. While Thailand's traditional major markets have been North America, Japan, and Europe, economic recovery among Thailand's regional trading partners is becoming more important. In order to conduct business successfully in Thailand, there are a number of important issues to take into consideration.
Thailand Business Part 1 - Working in the Thailand (Pre-departure)
o Working practices in Thailand
• Normal office hours are 8 a.m. to 5p.m. or 9 a.m. to 6a.m. with lunch between 12 p.m. and 1 p.m.
• It is acceptable to be a little late for meetings, as it is often unavoidable in Bangkok due to traffic jams, but calling to say that you are running late is appreciated.
• April and early May are the main holiday periods and business trips to Bangkok should be avoided during this time as many staff will be on leave.
• English is commonly used in business, especially in large companies in Bangkok, and presentations, proposals and contracts are acceptable in English. However, make sure use fairly simple and non-idiomatic language and if language is a problem, interpreters should be offered.
o Structure and hierarchy in Thai companies
• Thai business reflects a society in which hierarchy and respect for seniors are very important. Understanding social status of people and the vertical structure of a company essential for doing business with the Thais.
• Traditionally, women were underrepresented in the business world and especially in managerial positions. However, this has changed and now women have equal rights and protection as men, although some inequalities remain in the law. An increasing number of women hold professional positions and women’s access to higher education has grown, with more than half of university graduates being women.
o Working relationships in Thailand
ReplyDelete• Building good relationships is an important part of business and the negotiation process. Thais place great importance in “liking” their business partners
• Invitations to social activities from your Thai counterparts should always be accepted as these are used as a means of getting to know each other before doing business
together.
• Informal conversations before of after a meeting are common and should not be neglected. Thais may ask you personal questions about your age, marital status and educational background, to help them understand your place in the social hierarchy and how to build familiarity with you.
Thailand Business Part 2 - Doing Business in Thailand
o Business practices
• Thais are generally not confident decision makers and often need to consult with several people before making a decision, leading to a lengthy process. However, impatience should be avoided as it will be seen as a sign of weakness.
• The traditional common form of greeting is the “wai” when hands are raised with palms together, fingers pointing upwards and with a bowed head. Younger and lower-ranking people are supposed to offer the wai first to their senior counterparts. The higher one’s hands are placed, the more respect is shown.
• In Thai business, first names are generally used, preceded by the honorific title “Khun”, used both for men and women. Note that Thais will tend to use first name as opposed to last names even when using Mr and Miss.
• A high quality business card is an important asset in Thailand and should be exchanged when initiated by the host. Cards should be offered to the most senior person first and it is imperative that cards are given and received with the right hand.
o Business Etiquette (Do’s and Don’ts)
_ DO wear business suites for meetings with trousers, a long-sleeved shirt and tie. Women should normally wear skirt and blouses, covering the shoulders and upper legs.
_ DO give general praise to your Thai colleagues but avoid giving too specific praise in regards to a Thai’s possessions as he or she may feel obligated to give you the item in question.
_ DO take off your shoes when invited into your Thai business colleague’s home.
_ DON’T plan any meetings at the beginning and end of they day, these should be avoided due to difficulties with transport to the work place.
_ DON’T joke about or criticise the Thai King or Queen as these are to be treated with and it is illegal to say or write anything offensive to royalty.
_ DON’T touch your Thai colleague’s head as it is considered sacred according to Buddhist tradition.
ERI KHAERYAH
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INDIA CULTURE
The Indian culture has never been rigid and that's why it's surviving with pride in the modern era. It timely imbibes the qualities of various other cultures and comes out as a contemporary and acceptable tradition. That is what unique about the Indian culture..it moves on with the time. There are certain things about India that are famous worldwide, like:
Flower Garlands
Indian people are also famous for welcoming with flower garlands. In the Indian marriages the exchange of garlands between bride and groom is a ritual in itself. People also offer flower garlands to gods and goddesses during their prayers.
Indian Marriages
Time has changed but the lavishness has always been an integral and indispensable part of Indian marriages. In India, marriage is still taken as an institution where not two people but two families get united. So, it always calls for boisterous celebrations full of music and dance. Within India, every caste and community has its own way of performing the rituals of marriage. In Hindu marriages, while Punjabis perform the 'Roka' ceremony in weddings, Sindhis perform the 'Berana'. But most common of all is the ritual of Hast Milap ceremony popularly called Paanigrahan Sanskar.
Muslims also have their own special way of celebrating the marriage ceremony, popularly called Nikaah. During the auspicious occasion, the groom's family gives mehar (nuptial gift) to the bride. Parsis plant a young mango tree in a pot during the marriage ceremony. This ceremony is famous as 'Madhavsaro' ceremony. Every state has its own special way of celebrating the marriage ceremony.
Indian Dresses
Beauty of Indian women lies in the clothes she wears. Very traditional and ethnic yet contemporary Indian Saris are famous worldwide. It is worn with a blouse that covers the upper part of the body. In rural parts a version of sari, called ghagara -choli is very much popular. Choli is like a short blouse that covers the upper part of the body and ghagara is like a long skirt. In order to have a graceful and complete look, women folk carry a duppatta, which is a soft and delicate material of reasonable length thrown over the shoulder.
Crossing road
Something as simple as crossing the road is a high-risk adventure activity in most Indian cities. You look both ways and all you see is a sea of unending traffic. Yes, there are some pedestrian lights in the city center which can be used at your own risk and zebra crossings dotted here and there but both are completely ignored by motorists. Crossing a Road in India is a daunting if not down right scary task especially for foreigners visiting the country for the first time. The conditions of the roads, the heavy flow of traffic, variety of vehicles and animals on the roads teamed with the sudden unknown and random traffic conditions or lack of traffic rules in India all pose a tough challenge for people who are used to organized driving and pedestrian crossings that are a norm in other countries.
The rules governing right of way are that the biggest vehicle has priority. Indian traffic, a joke says, is structured like it's caste system: The hierarchy goes like this- Trucks and Buses come first, followed by cars by size, then autorickshaws, cyclists and pedestrians. This thought process makes it tougher for pedestrians and even quite dangerous to cross streets without any experience.
THE INDIAN STYLE OF DINNING
The Traditional style of Indian eating is, Thali Style, different from what is customary in the west. Various dishes of all courses are served into small bowls (katoris), which are then neatly arranged on a large rimmed plate (thali). Rice, bread (Roti), pickles (achar) etc. are placed on the plate and this is fully arranged thali, which is served to each person.
NAME:SUFIAWATI SHILA
ReplyDeleteNIM: C1L009004
THE BUGIS PEOPLE
The people of Bugis-Makassar is the residents of South Sulawesi ( Celebes ) covers an area around 100.457 square kilo meters, with total population around 5.600.000. This people is famous for their expert in sailing on the deep ocean. As a sailor they have spreaded over many areas of Indonesia such as North Sumatera, Malaysia, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, Maluku, Sumbawa, and West Flores.
Their house is built on wooden poles so it is a high house. Basically there are 2 types: a type of feudal house and the other is common people house. Although they are Moslem but during house construction theymake some ceremonies according to the local belief.
Basic economic activity in South Sulawesi is farming such as rice and corn. In the past during 19th century south Sulawesi was surplus on farming products and sea products, so it can be exported to other part of Indonesia, even China for their Holothurioidea ( sea stars fish ). People of South Sulawesi is famous for their sea exploration as a sailors to catch fish and transport products by sea with sailing boat up to Philippine, West Papua New Guinea, and even Australia. Until today most of traditional cargo boats in Indonesia re navigated by people from South Sulawesi.
Ninety percent of the population is Moslem, and 10% Christian and others. Moslem was started in 17th century. However local tradition before was still alive such as concept of organization and life ethic wich all now incorporated into Moslem. Other tradition is relected in a book written in the past such as the ar of La Galigo story.
In South Sulawesi there is one a famous tourism object located on Northern area of the province. But this area is belong to Toraja Culture, with the residents of Central Sulawesi. The Torajan speak different dialect from Bugis-Makassar. The area is 325 kilo meters away from the capital city of Bugis-Makassar that is Makassar city, and with driving takes around 7 to 8 hours. The tradition of Toraja is very deeply ritualistic and a an excessive co-operation among their members due to their heavy burden of rituals, although most of them are already Christian and Moslem.
Lydia Sani Lo
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Dining Etiquette
As a guest at a meal, one should be particular about one’s appearance and determine whether to bring small gifts or good wine, according the degree of relationship with the master of the banquet. It is important to attend and be punctual. On arrival one should first introduce oneself, or let the master of the banquet do the introduction if unknown to others, and then take a seat in accordance with the master of the banquet’s arrangement. The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese dining etiquette.
When eating a meal in China, people are expected to (according to Chinese customs) behave in a civilized manner, pay attention to table manners and practice good dining habits. In order to avoid offense diners should pay attention to the following points:
1.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated. If he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat. When making toasts, the first toast is made from the seat of honor and continuing down the order of prominence.
2.Let older people eat first, or if you hear an elder say "let's eat", you can start to eat. You should not steal a march on the elders.
3.You should hold your bowl with your thumb on the mouth of the bowl, first finger, middle finger the third finger supporting the bottom of the bowl and palm empty. If you don’t pick up your bowl, bend over the table and eat facing your bowl, it will be regarded as bad table manners. Moreover, it will have the consequence of compressing the stomach and restricting digestion.
4.When helping yourself to the dishes, you should take food first from the plates in front of you rather than those in the middle of the table or in front of others. It's bad manners to use your chopsticks to burrow through the food and "dig for treasure" and keep your eyes glued to the plates. It is not good manners to pick up too much food at a time. You should behave elegantly. When taking food, don’t nudge or push against your neighbor. Don’t let the food splash or let soup or sauce drip onto the table. When finding your favorite dish, you should not gobble it up as quickly as possible or put the plate in front of yourself and proceed to eat like a horse. You should consider others at the table. If there is not much left on a plate and you want to finish it, you should consult others. If they say they don’t want any more, then you can eat proceed.
5.When eating, you should close your mouth to chew food well before you swallow it, which is not only a requirement of etiquette, but also better for digestion. You should by no means open your mouth wide, fill it with large pieces of food and eat up greedily. Don’t put too much food into your mouth at a time to avoid leaving a gluttonous impression. Neither should you stretch your neck, open your mouth wide and extend your tongue to catch food you are lifting to your mouth. If there is food around your mouth, use a tissue or a napkin to wipe it, instead of licking it with your tongue. When chewing food, don’t make noises. It is best not to talk with others with your mouth full. Be temperate in laughing lest you spew your food or the food goes down your windpipe and causes choking. If you need to talk, you should speak little and quietly
6.You should try to refill your bowl with rice yourself and take the initiative to fill the bowls of elders with rice and food from the dishes. If elders fill your bowl or add food to your bowl, you should express your thanks.
7.Concentrate on the meal. Watching television, reading or carrying on some other activity while having a meal is considered a bad habit.
CHITTA ANISA DEVI
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Culture of Korea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the traditional culture of Korea. For the modern culture, see culture of North Korea and culture of South Korea.
Dancheong, decorative paintings on a building at Gyeongbok Palace
Lotus lantern festival
Korea, one of the oldest continuous civilizations in the world[1], has over 5,000 years of history.[2] Archaeological evidence suggests that the Korean peninsula has been inhabited for over 500,000 years. The current political separation of North and South Korea has resulted in divergence in modern Korean cultures; nevertheless, the traditional culture of Korea is historically shared by both states.[3] While Korea's long history as a tributary state to China's has resulted in extensive influences from China, Korea has also developed its own distinctive culture and has influenced other cultures such as Japan.Music
Main article: Music of Korea
Pansori
Pungmul
Apart from the instruments used, traditional Korean music is characterized by improvisation and the lack of breaks between movements. A pansori performance can last for over eight hours during which a single singer performs continuously.
Rather than contrasting different speeds as it is common in Western music, most traditional Korean music begins with the slowest movement and then accelerates as the performance continues.
Korean court music, called jeongak, is closely related to the literate upper-class, and has a strong intellectual emphasis. Jeongak is played at a very slow pace, with single beats taking as long as three seconds. The beat matches the speed of breathing rather than the heartbeat as in most Western music, and feels static and meditative.
The tone of Jeongak is soft and tranquil because the traditional instruments are made of non-metallic materials. String instruments have strings made of silk rather than wire. Almost all wind instruments are made of bamboo.
Pungmul is Korea's folk music and is full of expressions and emotions. This kind of traditional music is closely related to the lives of common people. As with the Jeongak, improvisation is common in Minsogak.
Traditional Korean musical instruments can be divided into wind, string, and percussion types. Wind instruments include the piri (cylindrical oboe), taepyeongso (metal-bell shawm), daegeumsaenghwang (mouth organ) and the hun (ocarina). Traditional string instruments include zithers such as the gayageum, geomungo, and ajaeng, and the haegeum, a two-stringed fiddle.
A great number of traditional percussion instruments are used including the kkwaenggwari (hand-held gong), the jing (hanging gong), buk (barrel drum), janggu, (hourglass drum), bak (clapper), and pyeonjong (bell chimes or stone chimes), as well as the eo (tiger-shaped scraper) and the chuk (wooden box).
CHITTA ANNISA DEVI
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Dress
Hanbok
Hwarot, bridal robe
See also List of Korean clothing. The traditional dress known as hanbok (한복, 韓服) (known as joseonot in the DPRK) has been worn since ancient times. The hanbok consists of a shirt (jeogori) and pants (baji). The traditional hat is called gwanmo and special meaning is attached to this piece of clothing.
According to social status, Koreans used to dress differently, making clothing an important mark of social rank. Impressive, but sometimes cumbersome, costumes were worn by the ruling class and the royal family. Jewelry was also used to distance themselves from the ordinary people. Traditional jewelry for women was a pendant shaped in the shape of certain elements of nature made of precious gems stones, to which a tassel of silk was connected.
Common people were often restricted to un-dyed plain clothes. This everyday dress underwent relatively few changes during the Joseon period. The basic everyday dress was shared by everyone, but distinctions were drawn in official and ceremonial clothes.
During the winter people wore cotton-wadded dresses. Fur was also common. Because ordinary people normally wore pure white undyed materials, the people were sometimes referred to as the white-clad people.
Hanbok are classified according to their purposes: everyday dress, ceremonial dress and special dress. Ceremonial dresses are worn on formal occasions, including a child's first birthday (doljanchi), a wedding or a funeral. Special dresses are made for purposes such as shamans, officials.
Today the hanbok is still worn during formal occasions. The everyday use of the dress, however, has been lost. However, elderly still dress in hanbok as well as active estates of the remnant of aristocratic families from the Joseon Dynasty.
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Cuisine
Main article: Korean cuisine
Bibimbap
Rice is the staple food of Korea. Having been an almost exclusively agricultural country until recently, the essential recipes in Korea are shaped by this experience. The main crops in Korea are rice, barley, and beans, but many supplementary crops are used. Fish and other seafood are also important because Korea is a peninsula.
Fermented recipes were also developed in early times. These include pickled fish and pickled vegetables. This kind of food provides essential proteins and vitamins during the winter.
A number of menus have been developed. These can be divided into ceremonial foods and ritual foods. Ceremonial foods are used when a child reaches 100 days, at the first birthday, at a wedding ceremony, and the sixtieth birthday. Ritual foods are used at funerals, at ancestral rites, shaman's offerings and as temple food.
Temple food is distinguished as it does not use the common five strong-flavoured ingredients of Korean cuisine (garlic, spring onion, wild rocambole, leek, and ginger), nor meat.
For ceremonies and rituals rice cakes are vital. The colouring of the food and the ingredients of the recipes are matched with a balance of yin and yang.
Today, surasang (traditional court cuisine) is available to the whole population. In the past vegetable dishes were essential, but meat consumption has increased. Traditional dishes include ssambap, bulgogi, sinseollo, kimchi, bibimbap, and gujeolpan.
ABDUL AZIS
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MINANG CULTURE
In first time, in June 1976, there is a unique behavior from betawi and sunda etnic while meet old friends they will say assalamu'alaikum for muslim people .But for minang people that go to jakarta to look for a job when he or she come back to their village ussually they will found a difficulties if in first time he meet him brother . THIS GRETTING BEHAVIOR is very diferent whit other islamic culture. Minang people is not use “assalamualaikum” eventhought they are muslim they more happy if there is a moung people gretting each other with says,” oi kamano tu oi sadang mangopo tu “( means: where are you going ? And what are you doing? ) this behavior always founded in Muarolabuah MinangKabau
Minang people will angry while they are said as inbehavioral societyand they will very angry if they are claimed as non muslim people because they didn't say “assalamualaikum !' if meet each other. Minang people always keep relationship in socialfenomena. But they didnt relize that says “assalamualaikum for a muslim is verry importan ( Sunnat mu'akad 0
. “ Apabila kamu dihormati dengan sesuatu penghormatan, maka balaslah penghormatan itu dengan lebih baik, atau balaslah dengan yang serupa, sesungguhnya Allah memperhitungkan segala sesuatu”.
( Q.S An-Nisa 86 )
and the reward in islam is says “assalamualaikum “ to other muslim
Ratna Dwi A
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Tea ceremony and Kimono
Many of the movements and components of tea ceremony evolved from the wearing of kimono and, although it is not uncommon for students nowadays to wear western clothes for practice, most will practice in kimono at least some of the time, for this is essential to learn the prescribed motions properly.
For example, certain movements are designed with long kimono sleeves in mind; certain motions are intended to move sleeves out of the way or to prevent them from becoming dirtied in the process of making, serving or partaking of tea. Other motions are designed to allow for the straightening of the kimono and hakama. The silk fukusa cloths are designed to be folded and tucked into the obi (sash); when no obi is worn, a regular belt must be substituted or the motions cannot be performed properly. Kaishi and smaller silk cloths known as kobukusa are tucked into the breast of the kimono; fans are tucked into the obi. When Western clothes are worn, the wearer must find other places to keep these objects. The sleeves of the kimono also function as pockets, and used kaishi are folded and placed into them.
On formal occasions the host—male or female—always wears a kimono. Proper attire for guests is kimono or western formal wear. Most practitioners own at least one kimono suitable for wearing when hosting or participating in tea ceremonies. For both men and women, the attire worn at a tea ceremony—whether traditional kimono or other clothing—is usually subdued and conservative, so as not to be distracting.
Men may wear kimono only, or (for more formal occasions) a combination of kimono and hakama (a long divided or undivided skirt worn over the kimono). Those who have earned the right may wear a kimono with a jittoku or juttoku jacket instead of hakama.
Women wear various styles of kimono depending on the season and the event; women generally do not wear hakama for tea ceremony, and do not gain the right to wear a jittoku.
Lined kimono are worn by both men and women in the winter months, and unlined ones in the summer. For formal occasions, montsuki kimono (kimono with three to five family crests on the sleeves and back) are worn. Both men and women wear white tabi (divided-toe socks).
ADRIANSYAH
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Bali Culture
The culture of Bali is unique. People say that the Balinese people have reached self-content. It is not an exaggeration that when a Balinese is asked what heaven is like, he would say, just like Bali, without the worries of mundane life. They want to live in Bali, to be cremated in Bali when they die, and to reincarnate in Bali.
It does not mean that the Balinese resist changes. Instead, they adapt them to their own system. This goes back far in history. Prior to the arrival of Hinduism in Bali and in other parts of Indonesia, people practised animism. When Hinduism arrives, the practice of Hinduism is adapted to local practices. The brand of Hinduism practised in Bali is much different from that in India. Other aspects of life flow this way.
Traditional paintings, faithfully depicting religious and mythological symbolisms, met with Western and modern paintings, giving birth to contemporary paintings, free in its creative topics yet strongly and distinctively Balinese. Its dance, its music, and its wayang theaters , while have been continually enriched by contemporary and external artistry, are still laden with religious connotations, performed mostly to appease and to please the gods and the goddesses. Wood and stone carvings, gold and silver crafts parallel the development of paintings, gracefully evolving with external forces to enhance their characters. The batik of Bali owes its origin to Java, and inspired the development of ikat and double ikat.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteMufti Justitia
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The culture of Japan has evolved greatly over millennia, from the country's prehistoric Jōmon period to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. After several waves of immigration from the continent and nearby Pacific islands (see History of Japan), the inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world during the Tokugawa shogunate until the arrival of "The Black Ships" and the Meiji period.
kind of culture from Japan
>Ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e, literally "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese art. Because these prints could be mass-produced, they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace — those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings — during their heyday, from the 17th to 20th century.
>Ikebana
Ikebana (生花?) is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It has gained widespread international fame for its focus on harmony, color use, rhythm, and elegantly simple design. It is an art centered greatly on expressing the seasons, and is meant to act as a symbol to something greater than the flower itself. Traditionally, when third party marriages were more prominent and practiced in Japan, many Japanese women entering into a marriage learned to take up the art of Ikebana to be a more appealing and well-rounded lady. Today Ikebana is widely practiced in Japan, as well as around the world.
YANUAR NUGROHO
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Bulgaria is a small country on the Balkan Peninsula right on the Black Sea Coast, which has just 8,5 million inhabitants. Nevertheless a multitude of cultural historical treasures, unique in the world, bears witness to a great past in the course of which Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Osman conquerors ruled over the country for centuries and left behind their traces. But still Bulgaria has cultivated and preserved its original Slav culture.
Among the sights the mediaeval city of Nessebar is a jewel and a must. The 2500 years old city has been on the World Heritage List of the UNESCO since 1983. Located on a small peninsula of the Black Sea the delightful tourist spot yearly attracts a million visitors. The romantic place has cast a spell on us since we visited it for the first time in 1991 and we'll certainly return whenever we have a chance.
Despite its numerous tourist attractions Bulgaria is a poor country and many, many people live under the poverty line. The villagers mainly live on what they raise and preserve almost everything, even meat. As a tour group we were traditionally welcomed with bread and salt. The hosts had put on their traditional clothes, entertained us with home- baked cake and showed us their plain furnished homes. After that they took us on a ride in their horse and donkey carriages. Our donkey did a good job and even passed some horse carriages - just for fun.....
In the evenings we sat on the balcony or on the hotel terrace drinking wine and often went for a stroll. The nights are mild and there are numerous beautiful, rustic, open air taverns and restaurants, where one can have a romantic evening under vine trellises, by good
wine and local dishes or enjoy traditional dances with colourful, elaborate embroidered costumes.
The Bulgarian cooking is similar to the Greek and Turkish - hearty, but not hot. We had booked "all inclusive" and all day we enjoyed a great variety of local and international dishes, desserts, cake and ice cream as well as raw vegetables and fruits in abundance and of course the good wine.... We revelled in that all very much and felt as if we were on cloud nine!
This comment is plagiarisms of our website http://www.sights-and-culture.com/Bulgaria/Bulgaria.html
DeletePlease remove it immediately or we'll report you!
YOSHIANA MUTO
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Japanese Culture
Almost people in Japan live not in their own house. They are rent for a house or apartment. So, they almost move to another house or apartment. It is caused any moving house business, such as a business that rent its truck to help Japanese people to move to another house.
If we want to move to another house, we just need chose which one the best truck and call. Usually, the children that chose the truck, because picture in the truck is very childish, such as bear, elephant, giraffe and so on.
In the process of moving, first, the truck is coming to our house and there are at least three employees. They are introducing themselves, and give a name card one by one. And then they also introduce themselves to our neighbors. Secondly, the employees put the protector carpets to cover the wall, so the wall still clean until the process of goods movement to the truck was finished.
After all of the goods is already in the truck, the employees do the “ten minutes service”. The ten minutes service is the employees try to do anything the customer want, such as repair the door or cupboard, etc. after doing the “ten minutes service”, the employees have to clean up the house environment, moreover to the yard of the neighbor’s house, at the same time, the employees also ask for apologize to the customer’s neighbor, of during the process of movement they are so noisy and pollute the neighbor environment.
Finally, the truck must go on, deliver the customer’s goods.
DICKY CHANDRA HERMAWAN
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THE CULTURE OF PORTUGAL
The culture of Portugal is the result of a complex flow of different civilizations during the past millenia. From prehistoric cultures, to its Pre-Roman civilizations (such as the Lusitanians, the Gallaeci, the Celtici, and the Cynetes, amongst others), passing through its contacts with the Phoenician-Carthaginian world, the Roman period (see Hispania, Lusitania and Gallaecia), the Germanic invasions and consequent settlement of the Suevi and Buri (see Suebic Kingdom of Galicia) and the Visigoth (see Visigothic Kingdom), and, finally, the Moorish Umayyad invasion of Hispania and the subsequent Reconquista, all have made an imprint on the country's culture and history.
The name of Portugal itself reveals much of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name Portus Cale, a Latin name meaning "Port of Cale", latter transformed into Portucale, and finally into Portugal, who emerged as a county of the Kingdom of León (see First County of Portugal and Second County of Portugal) and became an independent kingdom in 1139. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural power, its global empire stretching from Brazil to the Indies.
Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to several ancient architectural structures, as well as typical art, furniture and literary collections mirroring and chronicling the events that shaped the country and its peoples. It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from museums to ancient church buildings to medieval castles, which testify its rich national cultural heritage.
The Portuguese participate in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama and dance. Portugal has a rich traditional folklore (Ranchos Folclóricos), with great regional variety. Many towns have a museum and a collection of ancient monuments and buildings. Many places have at least a cinema, some venues to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In the larger cities visits to the theatre, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are popular, and Portugal can boast not only international-scale venues in Lisbon and Porto, but also many acclaimed artists from various disciplines. The importance of the arts is illustrated by the fact that on the death of Amália Rodrigues, the "Queen of Fado" (fado is Portugal's national music) in October 1999, three days of national mourning was declared. In 1998, José Saramago, one of Portugal's well-known writers, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. In 2001, Porto was European Capital of Culture, contributing to a current renaissance in artistic creation, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the European football finals in specially constructed stadiums.
In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dance and song. Local festivities are very popular during the summer season in all sort of localities ranging from villages to cities, as well as beach holidays from July to September. Portuguese people in the major towns and almost all cities like to go shopping in malls which are generally well equipped with modern facilities and offer a wide variety of attractions ranging from shops and stores of the most renowned brands to cinemas, restaurants and hypermarkets. Café culture is also regarded as an important cultural feature of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport, football events involving major Portuguese teams are always widely followed with great enthusiasm. There are still some bullrings in Portugal, although the passion for bullfighting is not as widespread as in neighboring Spain.
DEA DESTAMI
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I will try to explain about Sawu’s Culture in Nusa Tenggara Timur. In here catholic religion is already exist but most people still believe to supernatulism. Sawu’s culture had many ceremonies, its like a worship Deo Mone Ae ceremony, in here Deo Mone Ae is like God and they had three souls they are:
- Pulodo Wadu ( for dry season )
- Deo Rai (for rain season)
- Deo Heleo ( for control human life)
There a unique culture in death ceremony, the leader in here its called Ratu Mone Pitu
(there are seven leaders). They believe that people die will doing a journey from the real world to supernatural world using Ama Piga Laga (boat soul).
They believe that disease is because of ghost distraction, and the only one way to make healthy again is make a ceremony and the leader is called Mone Molara.
Traditional dance in Sawu called Padoa, this dance is to celebrate harvest season and they doing this dance at night specially full moon. It’s a simple dance, but it’s a wonderful dance, the dancer make a big circle and follow the music rhythm. So unique in here, because the dancer must follow and appropriate with mone pejo, people who read a beautiful poem. They usually dance in the dark place and they believe that this dance, make it easy to have marriage partner.
SEDHU PALUPI
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German
Germany is country rich in national culture. Many of which have to do with traditions hundred of years old. Some may involves sign of politeness. Whatever the case a knowledge of the basic can make we enjoy the differences if we meet Germany people or living aboard in German has to offer.
1.Germany people more individualist than Indonesian.
2.The German time concept more mono-kronis, it’s mean that German people can use time efficiently and important time plan. Monochronic people tend to do one thing at a time, concentrate on the job at hand, take time commitments seriously and are concerned not to disturb others. They also tend to be rule followers, show great respect for private property, seldom borrow or lend and emphasize promptness. In addition, they are low-context in terms of the category discussed earlier. Indeed, they may not even wait around to hear it
3.Germans seldom invite anyone who is not a close friend to their home. To be invited is considered an honour. When you arrive bring a small bouquet for the hostess (not red roses which convey romantic attachment). Flowers should be unwrapped before being presented.
4.Meeting Etiquette
. Greetings are formal.
. A quick, firm handshake is the traditional greeting.
. Titles are very important and denote respect. Use a person's title and their surname until invited to use their first name. You should say Herr or Frau and the person's title and their surname.
. When entering a room, shake hands with everyone individually, including children.
Gift Giving Etiquette
. If you are invited to a German's house, bring a gift such as chocolates or flowers.
. Yellow roses or tea roses are always well received.
. Do not give red roses as they symbolize romantic intentions.
. Do not give carnations as they symbolize mourning.
. Do not give lilies or chrysanthemums as they are used at funerals.
. If you bring wine, it should be imported, French or Italian. Giving German wines is viewed as meaning you do not think the host will serve a good quality wine.
. Gifts are usually opened when received.
Dining Etiquette
If you are invited to a German's house:
. Arrive on time as punctuality indicates proper planning. Never arrive early.
. Never arrive more than 15 minutes later than invited without telephoning to explain you have been detained.
. Send a handwritten thank you note the following day to thank your hostess for her hospitality.
This is a example that culture in jerman and indonesia is different
Conversation 1 :
This situation occur between a businessman from Indonesia( A) and trade miter in German (B). B invite a business to visit her company.
B:Wir haben fuer Sie meine Damen und Herren ein gemuetliches Hotel auf dem Lande reserviert, damit Sie das Land, die Leute und die deutsche Kultur kennenlernen.
'Kami menyediakan sebuah hotel yang nyaman di alam pedesaan agar Ibu dan Bapak dapat mengenal negara, penduduk dan budaya Jerman.'
A:Ich dachte, dass wir in einem 5 Sternen Hotel in der Stadt bleiben.
'Saya kira kita tinggal di hotel berbintang 5 di kota.'
B:Oh tut mir leid, moechten Sie lieber ein Zimmer in der Stadt haben ?
'Maaf, Bapak lebih suka tinggal di kota?'
Indonesian people have a hunch that all hotel in foreign is more luxurious than hotel in indonesian.
There are barrier about comfortable hotel. For B harmoniously chic hotel is a comfortable place, but for A, a comfortable identical with luxurious.
This above conversation show that communication culture can barrier cause of stereotip influence .Insensitivity to customs of "guests" in Western countries will not only result in misinformed decisions, but may also precipitate resentment. When we experience a form of cultural shock (something outside our normal experience), we have to remember a simple maxim: "What they are doing makes sense to them."
NAME : MAHERDHENI DWI PUTRA
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Every nation certainly have variety of culture that different each other. As example, east culture hold strong cooperation and togetherness on socialization. But west culture is more individualism. Culture difference certainly will influence socialization proceess or ur association when start running activity. As example. The culture that develop in british is individualism, where they tend weak of to be a friend, so need long time to make social connection ar friendship with foreigner or newcomer., beside that racism also become cultural issues that develop in societies. Although racism is prohibited by law but in sorrounding is still mark with the issues. Example, british will more easy accept Negro-African and Europe, than Asian, especially outer Indian and Pakistani, like Korea, Japan, Cina, Indonesia, Thailand etc.
Another example, british is known have high discipline. With understand the character you can place ur self with to be frienf with societies and britisher. This reflected from behavior that appreciate time and live as regularly but too like surprise. . if british promise will come, he will come on time. If forced not fulfill promise , he will inform you.Beside that, british will visit to people’s home if he make promise . if come without inform or suddenly, so as the result the host have a right to refuse to meet .
From example of nation character, we can learn it when we are in central of societies. We have to :
a.aprreciate ur time come to every meeting on time
b.if you can’t absent to meet, you shall directly give comment to them
c.don’t touch area of personality person
d.be polite when your visit to ur friend’s house
e.don’t call someone with first name but call with family name
f.don’t visit to your friend home without make a promise if not you can be driven away
g.raise your nation culture when you meet local citizen
NAME : MAHERDHENI DWI PUTRA
ReplyDeleteNIM : C1L 009041
Every nation certainly have variety of culture that different each other. As example, east culture hold strong cooperation and togetherness on socialization. But west culture is more individualism. Culture difference certainly will influence socialization proceess or ur association when start running activity. As example. The culture that develop in british is individualism, where they tend weak of to be a friend, so need long time to make social connection ar friendship with foreigner or newcomer., beside that racism also become cultural issues that develop in societies. Although racism is prohibited by law but in sorrounding is still mark with the issues. Example, british will more easy accept Negro-African and Europe, than Asian, especially outer Indian and Pakistani, like Korea, Japan, Cina, Indonesia, Thailand etc.
Another example, british is known have high discipline. With understand the character you can place ur self with to be frienf with societies and britisher. This reflected from behavior that appreciate time and live as regularly but too like surprise. . if british promise will come, he will come on time. If forced not fulfill promise , he will inform you.Beside that, british will visit to people’s home if he make promise . if come without inform or suddenly, so as the result the host have a right to refuse to meet .
From example of nation character, we can learn it when we are in central of societies. We have to :
a.aprreciate ur time come to every meeting on time
b.if you can’t absent to meet, you shall directly give comment to them
c.don’t touch area of personality person
d.be polite when your visit to ur friend’s house
e.don’t call someone with first name but call with family name
f.don’t visit to your friend home without make a promise if not you can be driven away
g.raise your nation culture when you meet local citizen
Yulnaezar Pramudya
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Culture of Germany
Religious tradition
The German government has limited responsibilities for culture, which is devolved to the states of Germany, called Länder.
64.1 percent of the German population belongs to Christian denominations. 31.4 percent are Roman Catholic, and 32.7 percent are affiliated with Protestantism (the figures are known accurately because Germany imposes a church tax on those who disclose a religious affiliation / but there are many people, who are religious but do not registered). The North and East is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states. Germany formed a substantial part of the Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but was also the source of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. Historically, Germany had a substantial Jewish population. Only a few thousand people of Jewish origin remained in Germany after the Holocaust, but the German Jewish community now has approximately 100,000 members, many from the former Soviet Union. Germany also has a substantial Muslim minority, most of whom are from Turkey.
German theologians include Luther, Melanchthon, Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, and Rudolf Otto. Also Germany brought up many mystics including Meister Eckhart, Rudolf Steiner, Jakob Boehme, and some popes (e.g. Benedict XVI).
Yulnaezar Pramudya
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Culture of Germany
Religious tradition
The German government has limited responsibilities for culture, which is devolved to the states of Germany, called Länder.
64.1 percent of the German population belongs to Christian denominations. 31.4 percent are Roman Catholic, and 32.7 percent are affiliated with Protestantism (the figures are known accurately because Germany imposes a church tax on those who disclose a religious affiliation / but there are many people, who are religious but do not registered). The North and East is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states. Germany formed a substantial part of the Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but was also the source of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. Historically, Germany had a substantial Jewish population. Only a few thousand people of Jewish origin remained in Germany after the Holocaust, but the German Jewish community now has approximately 100,000 members, many from the former Soviet Union. Germany also has a substantial Muslim minority, most of whom are from Turkey.
German theologians include Luther, Melanchthon, Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, and Rudolf Otto. Also Germany brought up many mystics including Meister Eckhart, Rudolf Steiner, Jakob Boehme, and some popes (e.g. Benedict XVI).
MEGA DWI HANDAYANI
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MANADO
The city it self boasts a Provincial Museum. For a nominal entry fee you can stroll around the museum’s three floors of exhibits, which display traditional costumes, and modes of transport like the bendi a small horse trap which is still in use in many places. There is a good collection of ceramics, from China, Japan and Europe as well as some furniture that was used by national heroes during the independence struggle. A display of weapons includes some Javanese krisses, and an excellent example of a Portuguese helmet with its distinctive peaked shape like the hull of a boat. If you’re lucky you might even catch an impromptu performance on the museum’s set of kolintang a type of wooden xylophone orchestra, which sounds truly divine when accompanied by some of the famous North Sulawesi singing voices.
The city also has a good number of hotels and restuarants as well as bars and karaoke lounges, which makes it the only option in the province for any kind of nightlife. Places seem to open and close fairly regularly so try to get some local knowledge before setting out for a night on the town. A string of seafood restaurants and stalls along the waterfront set up in the evening, offering visitors a taste of the fiery Minahasan cuisine. If you like it hot sample the Ikan Tude (pronounced "tooday"), a traditional fish recipe with an abundance of chilli – but remember you were warned!
Manado has also become the focal point of Minahasan culture, and while it seems to be fading somewhat, with some luck and persistence you may be able to witness a performance of either of the two main traditional dances. The most engaging is certainly the Cakalele or war dance. Derived from the words for "fight" and "shout" this pretty much describes the Cakalele. Wide-eyed warriors decked out in blood red costumes with a profusion of hornbill beaks and feathers arranged on their heads gives them a frightful appearance as they scream and engage each other in mock fighting. Originally designed to deter invaders, the dance is now used to welcome visitors.
The other more sedate performance is the Maengket. With colourfully attired singers in bright pinks, greens and yellows, the full harmonies of the Maengket are as much a joy to hear as they are to see as the dancers continuously move in carefully choreographed unison. This dance once had connections with the rice harvests and building of new houses but seems to be performed now only for the benefit of visitors. Finally, for sighteeing and perhaps a bit of retail therapy, check out the Chinatown disrict. On Jl Panjaitan you’ll find the Ban Hian Kiong Buddhist Confucian temple. Originally constructed in the early part of the 19th century, the temple had to be rebuilt in the 70s following some severe vandalism, which partially destroyed the structure. Now though it is functioning as a place of community worship and its colourfully decorated walls also contain a selection of Portuguese and Dutch artifacts including an ancient set of cannon.
There you have it, a diversified tour of the best of North Sulawesi’s non-diving culture and attractions. There is much more to this extraordinary province than just those amazing sights to be found under the surface of the water. Spectacular scenery, colourful culture, brilliant beaches, diverse diving and awesome adventure – all of these and more await you in North Sulawesi – so go on, take the plunge!
VENY RAHMAYANTI
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BETAWI
Betawi culture is a treasure trove of color, tradition, song, dance, clothing, cuisine, language and dialect. The culture thrives today due to government policy to enhance the cultural identity of the original inhabitants of the city, and prevent their traditions being buried beneath a tide of modernization. There are annual parades and other celebrations in which three-meter tall Betawi mascots (ondel ondel) - are seen delighting the crowds with their large masks and tinsel-sprinkled headdresses.
The language of the Betawi has been adopted by the fashionable younger generation of Jakartans from all ethnic origins, whereas the more formal Betawi Malay is only spoken by the more conservative older generation Orang Betawi.
As the nation's capital, Jakarta is able to show all the various art forms of all the regions and ethnic groups in the archipelago. And to realize this idea in line with the motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ( Unity in Diversity ), the regional government feels obliged to develop all traditional art forms as equitably as possible with the local Betawi art forms as host hesding the rest.
To see for themselves what and now those Betawi art forms are, you can go to any travel agent and ask for tour to a " Betawi Cultural Institution " to catch a glipse of the " real thing ". Or you can visit the Jakarta pavillion at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah ( Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park ) which has long been showing Betawi ceremonies such as the Betawi wedding ceremony, the circumcision procession, the baby head - shaving ceremony etc. As mentioned before, the Betawi group emerged in the 19th century from the melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures. Today the Betawi culture has a distinct personality of its own, but one can discern the various influences of other cultures by looking or listening to its art form.
The Tanjidor orchestra is certainly inharited from Dutch land - owners and the Gambang Kromong and Cokek dance originated in the residence of wealthy Chinese traders and merchants. The Betawi Cokek dance shows Balinese influence in the movement of the dancers and the style of playing the gamelan. This style of playing the gamelan can also be observed in the gamelan orchestra accompanying the Wayang Kulit Betawi show. The Portuguese speaking community has also left its inheritance, the Kroncong Tugu with its popular songs Nina Bobo, Kaparinyo and Kroncong moritsko is said to be the origin of the popular Kroncong orchestra of to-day.
The javanese presence since the 17th century has left its mark too on the Betawi music, dance and theatre, Wayang Kulit Betawi and Lenong are examples of this influence.
A major influence on the Betawi culture is Islam, the religion of the majority of the people. The Rebana orchestra, the Gambus orchestra, the Zapin or Japin dance are Islam inspired art forms.
NAME : Giovanny Bangun Kristianto
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Scottish Culture, The People Of Scotland
Modern-day Scots are the product of an age-old ethnic blend. The original Picts mixed with successive invaders - Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Scandinavians, Normans - and each group has left its mark on the national culture. In later times, many Irish migrated to the industrial areas in the Central Lowlands. Some immigration from eastern and southern Europe also took place. The Scots cherish the differences that set them apart from the English, and cling tenaciously to the distinctions that also differentiate them region by region - their customs, dialects and the Gaelic language. I, for example, consider myself to be a " Fifer, " having been born and bred in that Kingdom. But even more than that, I consider myself to be a " Dyker, " having been raised in the fishing village of Cellardyke. Search for your Scottish Ancestors
It is perhaps more by their differences than similarities that the Scots can be defined, but for all that, they are immensely proud of their nation and its institutions.
Scots can be dour but equally they can flash with inspiration. Most all Scots delight in self-deprecating humour and continue to honour their tradition of hospitality. Generally speaking most foreign tourists to Scotland make the mistake of moving their location every day, and thus denying themselves the opportunity to really get to know some of the locals.
Scots have long been noted for their frugality, which they have exaggerated and turned into jokes about themselves. But perhaps the best-known feature of Scottish society through the ages is that of the clans--groups of families sharing a common ancestor and the same name. Many Scots still feel strong kinship with their clan, and many Scottish traditions have their origins in that system. Scots are a gregarious people and enjoy company, whether this be in a small group in the local pub, or at a Ceilidh ( which means literally, a " visit ".) And Scots love to visit with people from other countries - if you'll give the time.
Language
Gaelic, the old Celtic tongue of the Scots, is now spoken by little more than 75,000 people, most of them in the Highlands and the Hebrides. By their acceptance and use of the English translation of the Bible, the Scottish reformers of the 16th century in effect adopted English as the national language. But as any singer of "Auld Lang Syne" knows, the Scots have made the English they speak peculiarly their own. They have retained a high percentage of vocabulary derived from Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon, and they speak with a lilt. Indeed, " Scots " is an actual " language " all on its own.
Religion
Scottish Presbyterians have been meeting in 'kirk sessions" ever since John Knox thundered his fiery sermons from the pulpit of St. Giles in the 1560's. Today, their denomination is the official, as well as the largest, church in the country. The Church of Scotland, as it is called, claims the adherence of nearly half the population. Roman Catholics, particularly strong in the western Highlands, make up the second-largest group of worshippers.
Education
To the Scots, education is extremely important, and they start sending their children to school at 5 years of age. At 12, Scottish youngsters generally graduate from elementary to secondary schools, where they must continue until they are 16. Higher education may be pursued at eight universities and dozens of other specialized institutions. Four of the Scottish universities, those of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh, are more than 400 years old.
GIOVANNY BANGUN KRISTIANTO
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Scottish Culture, The People Of Scotland
Modern-day Scots are the product of an age-old ethnic blend. The original Picts mixed with successive invaders - Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Scandinavians, Normans - and each group has left its mark on the national culture. In later times, many Irish migrated to the industrial areas in the Central Lowlands. Some immigration from eastern and southern Europe also took place. The Scots cherish the differences that set them apart from the English, and cling tenaciously to the distinctions that also differentiate them region by region - their customs, dialects and the Gaelic language. I, for example, consider myself to be a " Fifer, " having been born and bred in that Kingdom. But even more than that, I consider myself to be a " Dyker, " having been raised in the fishing village of Cellardyke. Search for your Scottish Ancestors
It is perhaps more by their differences than similarities that the Scots can be defined, but for all that, they are immensely proud of their nation and its institutions.
Scots can be dour but equally they can flash with inspiration. Most all Scots delight in self-deprecating humour and continue to honour their tradition of hospitality. Generally speaking most foreign tourists to Scotland make the mistake of moving their location every day, and thus denying themselves the opportunity to really get to know some of the locals.
Scots have long been noted for their frugality, which they have exaggerated and turned into jokes about themselves. But perhaps the best-known feature of Scottish society through the ages is that of the clans--groups of families sharing a common ancestor and the same name. Many Scots still feel strong kinship with their clan, and many Scottish traditions have their origins in that system. Scots are a gregarious people and enjoy company, whether this be in a small group in the local pub, or at a Ceilidh ( which means literally, a " visit ".) And Scots love to visit with people from other countries - if you'll give the time.
Language
Gaelic, the old Celtic tongue of the Scots, is now spoken by little more than 75,000 people, most of them in the Highlands and the Hebrides. By their acceptance and use of the English translation of the Bible, the Scottish reformers of the 16th century in effect adopted English as the national language. But as any singer of "Auld Lang Syne" knows, the Scots have made the English they speak peculiarly their own. They have retained a high percentage of vocabulary derived from Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon, and they speak with a lilt. Indeed, " Scots " is an actual " language " all on its own.
Religion
Scottish Presbyterians have been meeting in 'kirk sessions" ever since John Knox thundered his fiery sermons from the pulpit of St. Giles in the 1560's. Today, their denomination is the official, as well as the largest, church in the country. The Church of Scotland, as it is called, claims the adherence of nearly half the population. Roman Catholics, particularly strong in the western Highlands, make up the second-largest group of worshippers.
Education
To the Scots, education is extremely important, and they start sending their children to school at 5 years of age. At 12, Scottish youngsters generally graduate from elementary to secondary schools, where they must continue until they are 16. Higher education may be pursued at eight universities and dozens of other specialized institutions. Four of the Scottish universities, those of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh, are more than 400 years old.
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C1L007043
The Scottish Economy
About three-fourths of Scotland is used for agriculture--crop cultivation and animal husbandry. But Scotland is still deficient in food production and must rely on imports. Manufacturing has long been the mainstay of its economy. With the exploitation of the North Sea natural gas and oil deposits, the extractive industries have entered a new phase and become of major importance.
Heavy industries, such as steelmaking and ship-building, have been the backbone of the manufacturing sector since the Industrial Revolution. Glasgow is still the principal marine engineering center in the United Kingdom. But foreign competition has forced diversification of industries and spurred a movement into high technology and consumer goods. Electronics and computers are among the notable new products from Scottish plants. Scotch tweed and textiles are still in demand, and the nation's world-famous whiskey distilleries continue to flourish.
Coal used to be Scotland's chief mineral resource, but since the 1970's, coal has been eclipsed by oil. Most of Britain's offshore oil fields are in Scottish waters, and Aberdeen has evolved into head-quarters of the new oil industry. Large refineries have been established at Grangemouth and Dundee.
About half of the country's farmland, especially in the Highlands and Southern Uplands, is used for grazing sheep and cattle. Scotland is famous for its breeds of cattle--Aberdeen-Angus, -Galloway, and others--and the peculiar Scottish blackface sheep produce the wool for its tweeds. The major crops raised on the other half of the farmland, the best of which is in the Central Lowlands, are barley, oats, wheat, hay, and potatoes.
Depleted stocks and the closing of some traditional fishing grounds in the North Atlantic have created difficulties for many Scottish fishermen. Fishing, however, is still a major industry. Crabs and lobsters are taken in coastal waters, and cod, haddock, and other white fish as far away as Greenland and the White Sea. My own hometown of Anstruther used to be one of the largest Herring ports in Europe. Those days are long gone now - just as the Herring themselves disappeared one day from the fishing banks in the North Sea.
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C1L007043
Scottish Sports, Culture And The Arts
Scotland is renowned as the home of golf, but " soccer " is without doubt the national passion, and England the favourite opponent. Other popular sports include hill-walking, skiing, rugby, shinty, lawn-bowling, fishing, darts and curling. There are also great annual Highland Games held throughout the country during the summer months. In addition, almost every village in Scotland hosts an annual Fair or Fete.
Scotland offers an excellent program of the performing arts. The Edinburgh Festival and Fringe is the largest celebration of its kind in the world, and there are literally hundreds of smaller festivals. The key to enjoying Scotland is to stay flexible and keep your eyes open for local events. Many wonderful Jumble Sales, Craft and Antique Fairs, Folk Nights, Ceilidhs and the like will only be advertised in the most local of newspapers. Or simply by a single billboard and a few posters.
The range of Music and Song emanating from Scotland is truly amazing. There is something for everybody, ranging from Opera, Gaelic Song, Bagpipes, Country, Accordion, Fiddle, Contemporary Folk, and so on. Traditional music has experienced a renaissance with influences from all over the world. With an estimated four Scots, such as myself, living abroad, for every one living in the homeland, this influence is not surprising. Bands like Macumba combine bagpipes with Brazilian percussion to wonderful effect. Groups such as Runrig and Wolfestone are famous for their brand of electric folk, whilst individuals such as Rod Stewart and Sheena Easton sing to the world in a Scottish accent. Scottish Bands and performers constantly tour the world, and may in fact be more readily seen abroad than at home.
In dance, on offer are the various delights of Scottish Country Dancing, Highland and Ceilidh Dancing, Ballet and Contemporary Dance. The Scottish Film industry is booming, following the success of Local Hero and other movies. And of course Scotland was the setting for movies such as Braveheart and Rob Roy.
Although only a minority of Scots speak Gaelic, the language has been boosted by increased funding for Gaelic Radio and Television Programmes. Scottish Literature continues to be extremely strong, with no shortage of respected authors and poets following in the long literate tradition of Scotland.
Syifa Amalina Auji
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In Indonesia it is considered extremely rude to point with the forefinger. It is especially rude if the pointing is towards a person. When pointing the Indonesian uses his thumb.
It is a common sight in Indonesian to see people with a very long fingernail on one or the other finger of the left hand. The purpose of this is related to the fact that public toilets are extremely rare and often non-existent making it necessary to use whatever facility is available. As a consequence toilet paper is equally rare – thus the long fingernail.
An Indonesian will never hand you an object with his left hand. For obvious reasons the left hand is considered unclean. An Indonesian passes an object to another person using the right hand palm up with the left hand always supporting the right hand at the wrist. This has a twofold traditional meaning. One is for the reason stated above but it harks back to the times when two enemies met. With the left hand supporting the right wrist it is clear there is no concealed weapon.
In Thailand it is a grave insult to walk into a person’s house with shoes on. Shoes are discarded at the front door. Not a silly idea really for one leaves all the litter of the streets outside where it belongs.
Also in Thailand it is considered rude to cross your legs in company and to point your toes at another person. The feet, as the lowest part of the body, are given the lowest esteem and pointing a toe is demeaning to the person at whom the foot is pointed.
Equally, the head is the most important part of the body and should never be touched by another. Children in most Western countries are familiar with being patted on the head and consider it a compliment. In Thailand it is an insult of the highest order.
In Thailand and some other Asian countries, when two people meet it is the practice to hold the two hands together in a prayer position. It is called a whai (pro: why) in Thailand and takes the place of the Western handshake. Once again this is a much more hygienic greeting as there is no body contact. How high the hands are raised is an indication of the importance of the person to whom the whai is made. The most common whai between two equals is with the tip of the fingers at nose level. When a person of a lower status meets a person of a higher status the former raises the hands to forehead height and the latter to chest height. A whai is a very convenient way of acknowledging a friend in a crowded room where personal contact is difficult. It seems so much more dignified and sincere to greet with a whai rather than a wave.
The Royal family of Thailand is held in extreme awe by the Thais and nothing disrespectful is ever heard about them. The film ‘The King and I’ has never been shown in Thailand because it is considered disrespectful to the tradition of the Royal Family. Any person of other than Royal blood must crawl along the floor when in the presence of Royalty. Another person’s head must never be higher than the King’s or any other member of the family.
A distinctive and personal language is spoken by the Royal family at official functions and only members of the Royal Household and privileged attendants are permitted to use the language. The language dates back into antiquity.
In Burma, a Buddhist country where temples are common, there is one which is most amusing. It is the custom for men, when attending services at the temples, to sit in the front of the congregation. The women sit at the rear. At one temple where a golden statue of Buddha dominates the building the men, when they look up into the face of the Buddha see a benign look on the face. As one moves back towards the back of the temple the statue’s look gradually changes from the benign and compassionate to a leer with intense sexual connotations. A tribute to the extraordinary skills to the sculptors of that long gone eras and an equal tribute to the memory of Buddha.
It is those customs which some consider ‘odd’ that make travel worthwhile.
Kartika Dimas Satriawan
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FRANCE
Pets
In 2006, 52% of French households had at least one pet: 9.7 million cats, 8.8 million dogs, 2.3 million rodents, 8 million birds, and 28 million fish.
Music
France boasts a wide variety of indigenous folk music, as well as styles played by immigrants from Africa, Latin America and Asia. In the field of classical music, France has produced a number of legendary composers, like Gabriel Faure, while modern pop music has seen the rise of popular French hip hop, French rock, techno/funk, and turntablists/djs.
France created the Fête de la Musique (first held in 1982), a music festival, which has since become worldwide. It takes place every June 21, on summer's day.
Irian Jaya.
ReplyDeleteAs we know in Irian Jaya there is many tribe. one of tribe had strange culture. Like kopoka tribe. When there is one of family is die. the family must cut one of the finger. this culture had been for long year. government try to stop this culture. but the civil refuse it. because it is sadness simbol. it's kopoka tribe
Aditya sebastian
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Irian Jaya
As we know in Irian Jaya there is many tribe. one of tribe had strange culture. Like kopoka tribe. When there is one family is die. The familys must cut one finger of hand. This culture had been for long year. Government try to stop this culture. but the civil refuse it. Because it's sadness simbol. that's kopoka tribe
Rijal Hilmi
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Culture of Italy
Hardly any other country offers so many varied tourist attractions as Italy. Dreamlike beautiful landscapes with mountains and sandy beaches, a fascinating cultural heritage, architectural masterpieces from the antique up to the present, living history in mediaeval cities, a famous cuisine and good wine, and also fashion designs and much more, draw, with magical powers, millions of visitors to this beautiful country every year.
Since ancient times Italy has been a centre of European culture and even today the erstwhile heart of the Roman Empire, the “Eternal City” Rome, as the country’s capital and seat of the Vatican plays an outstanding role in intellectual, cultural and religious life.
Numerous sights of the country are listed as UNESCO World Heritage, including the historic centres of Rome, Venice, Verona, Florence, Mantua and Genoa etc.
One of the most beautiful regions of Italy is Tuscany with its picturesq ue landscape and fascinating mediaeval town centres such as in its capital Florence, in Siena and San Gimignano. In the north it is bounded by the Appenines, several mountain ranges of which reach 2000 m. Most popular landscapes are the Maremma in the south, the Chianti region between Florence and Sienna and also the Etruscan Riviera. Pines, cypresses, olive trees and vineyards give the hilly landscape its very special charm.
Another very special experience is a visit to the ancient city of Ponpeii in the Gulf of Naples which sank under lava ash when Vesuvius errupted in 79 AD. Vesuvius today is 1281 meters high and can be climbed.
Particularly appealing is the area around Lake Garda, a subtropical enclave in the north of Italy, embedded in the southern foothills of the Alps. Around the lake there are marvellous holiday resorts which nestle against mountains that rise sharply up to 2000 m beyond the waterside. All this, as well as the mild climate with subtropical vegetation and the grandiose panorama make Lake Garda one of the most popular holiday destinations.
Very interesting also is a trip to the marble quarries of Carrara in the Apuan Alps. There you can watch the mining of the “white gold” which Michaelangelo made world famous by his works. At the narrow serpentine access roads there are numerous workshops where you can bargain for valuable works.
Ukit Ali Rahman
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this my work sir..
Culture Of Netherland
Clothes and Dress:
* The men in Netherlands wear pants, shirts, jackets and everything a person in the United States wears.
* The women in the Netherlands wear pants, shirts, jackets, dresses, shorts, and skirts. The same thing as anybody in the US would wear.
* There is really no difference between the clothe selection in the Netherlands compared to in America.
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¨Religion:
* The religion in the Netherlands is mainly Christianity though other people of different religions live and gather there.
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Holidays & Music:
* The main holiday in the Netherlands is Christmas. The people in the Netherlands celebrate Christmas by hanging up lights, going to church, and singing Christmas carols in return for warm oven baked cookies.
* They also setup a Christmas tree with ornaments and lights. The traditional Christmas trees are mostly setup by couples or singles with no children. Trees filled with all sorts of unusual or weird ornaments are usually couples or singles with children.
* The Amsterdam Musical Silvestra Orchestra usually plays the day before Christmas.
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Sports:
* Rugby is played often in the Netherlands because of the climate which suites the game and for other reasons. The major games are usually sold out. Rugby is a game where you use your hands, knees, and feet to get the ball away from the other team by throwing the ball to each other and scoring in the opposing goal. This game is incredibly rough and is rarely played in the USA.
* Archery is also a famous sport and is practiced often. Archery butts usually have two rings and a bullseye. Skilled archers use an 18 inch butt and that is rough even for them.
* The game of soccer is played in the Netherlands too. There are two teams involved and the players on each of the teams pass the ball to each other to keep it out of the reach of the other team and score in the other teams goal by getting it past the goalie. Soccer is not very popular in the Netherlands but it is still played.
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Language in the Provinces:
* The only languages spoken in the provinces of the Netherlands are Dutch and Frisian.
* The 12 provinces or states of the Netherlands are: Zealand, South Holland, North Holland, Friesland, Groningen, North Brabant, Limburg, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel, Drenthe, and Flevoland.
* The National, native name of the Netherlands is Koninkrijkder or Nederlanden.
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The Flag:
* The flag of the Netherlands has three colors to symbolize the countries freedom.
* The top strip is filled with the color red. The middle strip is filled with the color white. The bottom strip is filled with the color blue. The Netherlands flag is shown below....